![]() The application of this technology to the world's first general calculating computer had to wait until 1946 and the construction of the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical However, it did this using hundred of thermionic valves as electronic on/off switches, as well as an electronic display. But this was a specialised machine thatīasically performed "exclusive or" (XOR) Boolean algorithms. Kerrison Predictor AA fire control system.Īll were basically mechanical devices using geared wheels and rotating cylinders, but producing electrical outputs that could be linked to weapon systems.ĭuring the Second World War, the challenges of code-breaking produced the first all-electronic computer, Colossus. ![]() These were provided respectively by the Sperry-Norden bombsight, the US Navy's Torpedo Data Computer and the To calculate the trigonometry required to dropīombs 'into a pickle barrel' from 30,000 feet, to hit a 30-knot Japanese warship with a torpedo or to bring down a diving Stuka with an anti-aircraft gun requiredĬonstantly updated automated solutions. The story of the electronic calculator really begins in the late 1930s as the world began to prepare for renewed war. To take over, as we shall see in the next part of this series. Machines like this ensured that mechanical calculators dominated 20th century office life all the way through to the late 1960s. That had to wait until 1820 and the patenting in France of Thomas de Colmar's four function Arithmometer. Part of his life designing a four-operation mechanical calculator, based on his ingenious slotted 'Leibniz wheel,' but ultimately failing to produce a fully operational Pascal's machine used geared wheels and could add and subtract two numbers directly and multiply and divide by repetition. Perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence." ![]() The first mechanical calculator appeared in 1642, the creation of French intellectual and mathematics whizz kid Blaise Pascal as "a device that will eventually Real Rocket Scientists used slide rules to send Man to the Moon - a Pickett model N600-ES was taken on the Apollo 13 moon mission in 1970. The problem was that these weren't portable while the slide rule fitted into the breast pocket Mechanical and electric calculating machines were well established. Slide rules evolved to allow advanced trigonometry and logarithms, exponentials and square roots.Įven up to the 1980s, knowing how to operate a slide rule was a basic part of mathematics education for millions of schoolchildren, even though by that time, ![]() The slide rule is basically a sliding stick (or discs) that uses logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division. Most notably, the development of logarithms by John Napier allowed Edward Gunter, William Oughtred and others to develop the It made addition and subtraction faster and less error-prone and may have led to the term 'bean counters' for accountants.īut that was where the technology more or less stuck for the next 3,600 years, until the beginning of the 17th century AD, when the first mechanical calculatorsīegan to appear in Europe. When all the beads had been slid across the first rod, it was time to move one across on the next, showing the number of tens, and thence to the next rod, showing hundreds, and so on (with the ten beads on the initial row returned to the original position). The principle was simple, a frame holding a series of rods, with ten sliding beads on each.
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More importantly, experienced users can also browse the system and user app files in order to open, delete, export, import or restore them, and, furthermore, iBackupBot's built-in plist, text and Hex editor helps you modify supported files directly within the backup file. The built-in search form helps you filter the displayed items and find any given item more easier. ![]() Check your call history, recover notes and lost contactsĪs expected, iBackupBot allows you to rapidly access the files from the Camera Roll, Voice Mails and Memos, as well as other multimedia files. On top of that, while using iBackupBot, you’ll be able to view the location of the backup file on your Mac’s hard disk and access user information from your Contacts list, Messages, Call History, Calendars, Notes, Safari Bookmarks and History, and recent email addresses. You’ll need to repeat this step until every voicemail has made it into the queue. Thus, you can view the device name, iOS version, phone an serial number, IMEI, as well as unique identifier serial. Once AMR Player is open, click on Add File and select the voicemails. The Backups panel helps you open the desired backup file, while the right panel displays detailed information about the iOS device. Thanks to the clean feature, you’ll be able to remove junk message attachments, junk camera roll files, as well as temporary camera roll files, web app cache, passes cache, cookies, SMS drafts and location cache. Locate backups of your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch - Apple Support. Double-click these folders: 'Apple' or 'Apple Computer' > MobileSync > Backup. In the Search bar, enter appdata or USERPROFILE (if you downloaded iTunes from the Microsoft Store). ![]() Remove junk files and keep your backups clean In Windows 10, click the Search bar next to the Start button. ![]() Browse through your iOS backup files with easeįurthermore, iBackupBot makes it easy for you to access information and data from your backups and recover everything you might need, from text messages and call history to notes, favorite contacts, photos, videos, and app settings.įrom iBackupBot’s main window, you have quick and easy access to all available backups, which you can clean, duplicate, delete or restore to your device with just a few clicks of a mouse button. IBackupBot is a straightforward Mac application created to help you access the backup file of your iOS devices in order to extract and import data or recover lost information. ![]() Two base, two changes, and one resulting merge. PS: If one tool one day supports 5 views merging, this would really be awesome, because if you cherry-pick commits in Git you really have not one base but two. This makes merging somewhat harder in complex cases. ![]() The merge view (see screenshot) has only 3 panes, just like SourceGear Diff/Merge. So you can have some history diff on all files much simpler. Meld is a newer free tool that I'd prefer to SourceGear Diff/Merge: Now it's also working on most platforms (Windows/Linux/Mac) with the distinct advantage of natively supporting some source control like Git. Check that merge screens-shot and you'll see it's has the 3 views at least. SourceGear Diff/Merge may be my second free tool choice. Perforce tries to make it a bit hard to get their tool without their client. You cannot edit manually the files and you cannot manually align. My main disappointement with that tool is its kind of "read-only" interface. The Perforce Visual Client ( P4V) is a free tool that provides one of the most explicit interface for merging (see some screenshots). It has many features like advanced rules, editions, manual alignment. It integrates with many source control and works on Windows/Linux. It's somewhat less visual than P4V but way more than WinDiff. The good thing with its merge is that it let you see all 4 views: base, left, right, and merged result. I did the actual editing using git config -global -e and git config -local -e so that there was no mistaking editing the correct files.Beyond Compare 3, my favorite, has a merge functionality in the Pro edition. I replaced it with the contents of my local configuration (posted in the OP) and removed my tooling configuration from my local config.Īfter doing so, my problem went away entirely. Path = C:/Program Files/Araxis/Araxis Merge/Compare.exeĬmd = \"c:/Program Files/Araxis/Araxis Merge/Compare.exe\" -wait -merge -3 -a1 \"$BASE\" \"$LOCAL\" \"$REMOTE\" \"$MERGED\" Path = c:/Program Files (x86)/KDiff3/kdiff3.exe My global configuration looked like this: I'm not sure how they got out of sync but that they were different at all was the dead giveaway. I did a diff between the output of git config -global -l and git config -local -l and realized that I had some conflicting (and erroneous) configurations for my difftools. After some more digging, I discovered the cause. ![]() Though my research above was accurate, it did not reveal the entire story. What steps do I need to perform to correct my configuration so that I can do a directory comparison using Araxis Merge?Īfter putting this down and coming back to it some time later, I discovered the cause of my issue. I'm not exactly sure how the parameters actually get passed to Araxis and therefore do not know how to troubleshoot this any further. ![]() Which is referenced from Araxis' documentation. Path = C:/Program Files/Araxis/Araxis Merge/compare.exe The actual local repo config contains this section: What is very strange is that this exact same setup works on my other machine.īoth git config -global diff.tool and git config -local diff.tool return "araxis" as expected. Posh Git PowerShell prompt which ships with GitHub for Windows.Araxis Merge 2013 Professional Edition 2013.4296.GitHub for Windows 1.2.6.4 f054d9f (which sits on top of msysgit 1.8.4).When I run git-diffall ( ) or git difftool -dir-diff (both referenced from Henigan's SO post), I get the following error: M(l)M(aq) AC(aq)A+(aq)+C(aq) BD(s)B+(aq)+D(aq) PR(aq)P+(aq)+R(aq) N(s)N(aq) Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. Classify each solute as a strong electrolyte, a weak electrolyte, or a nonelectrolyte. Part A Each of the following reactions shows a solute dissolved in water. Sometimes there may be multiple compounds with that element on one side, so you'll need to use your best judgement and be prepared to go back and try the other options. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. To the supernatant, add concentrated (15 M) NH 3 in the hood until just basic. The melting point of the compound is 218-degree. The boiling point of the compound is 553.2-degree centigrade. The molecular mass of silver carbonate or the molecular weight of silver carbonate is 275.7453 g/mol. The density of the compound is 6.08 g/cm3. Add 10-15 drops of 3.0 M HNO 3 to the precipitate. The IUPAC name of Ag2CO3 is Disilver Carbonate. Step 2: Multiply coefficients for compounds to balance out each elementįor each element that is not equal, try to balance it by adding more of it to the side with less. Wash the precipitate with several drops of cold deionized water. Step 1: Count the number of each element on the left and right hand sides Silver sulfate Ag2SO4 or Ag2O4S CID 159865 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological. Question: Soluble Rule yes Precipitate color NA Compound K2Cr04 AgNO3 Pb(NO3)2 Na2CO3 BaCl2 Ag2r04 PbCr04 Na2Cr04 BaCr04 AgCi Ag2CO3 NaNO Ba(NO3)2 May appear tan PbCl2 KNO NaCl PbCO May appear white BaCO3 K.CO KCI 1. ![]() When using the inspection method (also known as the trial-and-error method), this principle is used to balance one element at a time until both sides are equal and the chemical equation is balanced. To be balanced, every element in Ag2SO3 = Ag + SO3 must have the same number of atoms on each side of the equation. ![]() The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, which means there must be the same number atoms at the end of a chemical reaction as at the beginning. ![]() ![]() Waver was born as the third generation of the Velvet family, but it was not a very prestigious line. Much of his room is full of the memorabilia, though he also has a cabinet where he keeps the fragment of Rider's cloak that he used as his catalyst. Though he often receives game memorabilia through sweepstakes, he cares little for it and mostly believes that it is the proper action to relay his opinions back to the game designers even if he must pay international postage to airmail them to Japan. He orders a large number of games, and after playing through them fully, takes the time to diligently give his thoughts on the games through their survey cards. He takes after Rider in that his sole pleasure lies in Japanese video games, though he has come to hate Japan and Japanese people. ![]() ![]() Why should I, stuck at the fourth tier I still be, have to bloody look after other people?" He is not an ambitious person, and he does not like to become involved with his students, having once said, "What a load of codswallop. His irritations towards it has even caused people to say that he has walked through the institute with a constantly cranky look to him for several years. He cares little about his reputation, and he would rather focus on his own success as a magus. Known as "Great Big Ben London Star”, "Professor Charisma", and "Master V", he has been even named "the number one man female students would like to sleep with", among others. His involvement with Rider changed his previous attitude, allowing his persistent effort to lead to him being called a professor. Even Gilgamesh praises his loyalty, causing his life to be spared because of remaining steadfast in following Rider's final orders.Īfter becoming Lord El-Melloi II, he takes on a reputation as a famous lecturer of the Clock Tower. Though he often fights with Rider, he bonds with him over the course of the Holy Grail War, and he even pledges his allegiance to Rider as one of his subjects. He praises Waver for riding into the front lines of battle with him, he comforts Waver upon seeing Caster's victims, and remarks in his abilities as an unconventional but exceptionally talented magus, though Waver quickly refutes him. He forms a bond with Rider over time that begins to change him, with Rider bolstering his confidence and recognizing his traits. He has an inferiority complex about his abilities as a magus and Master, and he constantly doubts himself at every turn. Waver can be called a "spoiled brat" who is the very embodiment of a "narcissist that doesn't doubt he's a genius." He displays traits of cowardliness, being short-tempered, and constant complaints without action. In Character material, he is seen wearing an elbow sleeve shirt with Admirable Great Tactics logo on it. Rather, Waver had pride in polishing up his intellect.Īs Lord El-Melloi II, he is a man in his early thirties with long loose hair.He wore a red coat with golden ornamentations on its shoulders, and his face bore a tremendously sour expression.He is often seen smoking a cigar. His body tended to be frail, because he had done nothing but study in his childhood, and had little time to forge his body, but he didn’t think it was a weakness. In the Fourth Holy Grail War, Waver was nineteen years old.Although he was a bit shorter than an average person. ![]() Head: Pivoting Functionality: Wet/Dry Battery Life: 60 minutes And with a rotary shaver, you’ll want to move in a circular motion, while with a foil shaver, you’ll be moving up and down. If all that “oscillation” talk is starting to sound a little wonky, just remember this: rotary blades tend to be better at cutting thick, coarse hairs in a jiffy foil shavers are often gentler (and more equipped to handle all hair types), but they'll never quite compete when it comes to flexibility. Foil shavers-defined by their oscillating blades, each tucked neatly beneath a foil guard-offer a more precise shave, at the expense of reaching pesky areas like your neck. Rotary shavers-defined by their separate, revolving blades-are designed to hug the contours of your face, no matter how chiseled that jawline. Rotary versus foil: Electric shavers fall into two categories. So go forth and shave, sans shaving cream. If anything, that gunk can actually jam up your shaver and end up causing a mucky mess in the blades. Instead, you can go for a completely dry shave-no water or shaving cream-when it comes to an electric razor. Save the shaving cream for the TikTok pranks because, thankfully, you don't need to get a foamy lather to use an electric shaver. Do I Need To Use Shaving Cream With an Electric Shaver? There's nothing wrong with using a beard trimmer to mow down your whiskers if you want to leave a little stubble, but if you took an informal poll of GQ staffers, for a closer shave, all of them would point you towards an electric shaver every time. The results are far superior to the stubble you’ll get from a guard-free beard trimmer (if you're shaving your head, they'll service you even more ably than hair clippers, too). ![]() The best of the genre clean up your face in a hurry, leaving the hair so close to the skin that, to the naked eye, you have a noon-o’clock shadow-if anything at all. Wait, What About Beard Trimmers?Įlectric shavers are convenient, sure, but their real selling point is speed. Got a mountain-man beard or a freshly-shorn dome? There's an electric shaver out there for you, too. Plenty of them are equipped with foil heads for an antimicrobial clean even your mother would approve of, or come with separate stations that help flush out debris and preserve the quality of your device. The electric shaver's appeal mostly boils down to convenience and ease-of-use: the vast majority of models on the market today are designed for wet or dry shaving, but they're also lightweight and long on charge, ideally suited to on-the-go touch-ups or a quick post-gym freshening. It's one we've pondered long and hard here at GQ-so much so, in fact, that over the years we've come to champion the electric shaver above all other grooming tools in our cabinets. The Best Shaver for Line Ups: Andis Slimline, $70.The Best Shaver for Beards: Bevel Trimmer, $200.The Best Shaver for Your Junk: Meridian Below-the-Belt Trimmer, $65.The Best Shaver for Precise Finishing: Wahl Professional shaver, $105.The Best Entry-Level Foil Shaver: Remington foil shaver, $47.The Best Electric Razor for Beginners: Philips Norelco OneBlade, $35.The Best Travel Shaver: BaBylissPRO "Barberology" foil shaver, $55.The Best Trimmer-Shaver Combo: Panasonic Multishape, $130.The Best Shaver for Sparse Stubble: Braun MobileShave electric shaver, $27.The Best Body Shaver: Mangroomer body shaver, $50.The Best Bald-Head Shaver: Kibiy electric bald-head shaver, $44.The Barbershop Favorite: Andis foil shaver, $55.The Best Rotary Electric Shaver: Philips Norelco Series 9400, $160.The Longstanding Fan Favorite: Panasonic Arc6, $400.The Best Electric Shaver Overall: Braun Series 9 Pro, $330.That’s because electric shavers buzz you as close to the skin as possible, without breaking the surface (and without inviting ingrown hairs, razor bumps, and razor burn)-ideal for guys with sensitive skin who need a clean shave every day, but would rather not risk irritation and redness. But anyone who does rely on one knows that it delivers a nearly-perfect shave, minus any irritation. Even the best electric shaver is often underestimated by the general shaving public. ![]() Vacaville Medical Center, 1 Quality Dr., Vacaville, CA 95688 South San Francisco Medical Center, 1200 El Camino Real, South San Francisco, CA 94080 South Sacramento Medical Center, 6600 Bruceville Rd., Sacramento, CA 95823 Santa Rosa Medical Center, 401 Bicentennial Way, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 Santa Clara Medical Center, 700 Lawrence Expy., Santa Clara, CA 95051 San Rafael Medical Center, 99 Montecillo Rd., San Rafael, CA 94903 San Leandro Medical Center, 2500 Merced St., San Leandro, CA 94577 San Jose Medical Center, 250 Hospital Pkwy., San Jose, CA 95119 San Francisco Medical Center, 2425 Geary Blvd., San Francisco, CA 94115 Sacramento Medical Center, 2025 Morse Ave., Sacramento, CA 95825 Roseville Medical Center, 1600 Eureka Rd., Roseville, CA 95661 Richmond Medical Center, 901 Nevin Ave., Richmond, CA 94801 Redwood City Medical Center, 1100 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94063 Oakland Medical Center, 3600 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94611 Modesto Medical Center, 4601 Dale Rd., Modesto, CA 95356 to 5 p.m.Īntioch Medical Center, 4501 Sand Creek Rd., Antioch, CA 94531įremont Medical Center, 39400 Paseo Padre Parkway, Fremont, CA 94538įresno Medical Center, 7300 N Fresno St., Fresno, CA 93720 23, 6:59 a.m., picketing daily from 7 a.m. “Our patients deserve better from a corporation that made more than $24 billion over the past five years. “Without enough nurses in both inpatient and outpatient settings, patients are left for hours in the emergency room or receive inadequate and untimely access to outpatient care,” said Michelle Vo, RN in the adult primary care unit at Kaiser Permanente Fremont Medical Center. “We need our legally provided breaks so that we are rested and can provide the highest level of care.” “Nurses are missing their breaks and lunches every single day due to short staffing,” said Diane McClure, RN in the post-anesthesia care unit at Kaiser Permanente South Sacramento Medical Center. What: Kaiser nurses to hold two-day strike for patient safety.Who: 21,000 nurses at 21 Northern California Kaiser facilities. ![]() This is unacceptable and unconscionable when Kaiser made more than $14 billion during the first two years of the pandemic.” ![]() “We are chronically short-staffed, which means patients are waiting longer for care. “We always want to give our patients the best care, but Kaiser refuses to provide the resources we need to do our jobs safely,” said CNA President Cathy Kennedy, RN in the neonatal ICU unit at Kaiser Permanente Roseville Medical Center. Job protections against Kaiser’s subcontracting and outsourcing plans.Increased hiring and training to end chronic short staffing.Minimum staffing guidelines that ensure safe patient care.The RNs and NPs urge management to invest in nursing staff and agree to a contract that provides: The nurses in Northern California have been negotiating since June 2022. Kaiser registered nurses and nurse practitioners have been in negotiations for a new contract with little to no movement on key issues. Nurses at Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center will hold a two-day strike on Nov. 1, nurses at Kaiser Los Angeles Medical Center joined their Northern California nurse colleagues in holding informational pickets for a total of more than 22,000 nurses. Nurses always give at least 10 days of advance notice to the hospital to allow for alternative plans to be made for patient care. This 10-days’ notice of their strike follows a nearly unanimous strike authorization vote earlier this month. 10 that they would strike, making this one of the biggest private-sector nurses strikes in U.S. The nurses, who work at 21 Kaiser facilities in Northern California, notified their employer on Nov. 22, to protest the administration’s refusal to address their ongoing concerns about workplace health and safety and chronic short staffing, announced California Nurses Association/National Nurses United (CNA/NNU) today. In a historic year for nurses strikes, more than 21,000 registered nurses and nurse practitioners at 21 Kaiser Permanente facilities will hold a two-day strike on Monday, Nov. More than 21,000 union nurses at 21 Kaiser facilities in Northern California to strike on Nov. ![]() ![]() Pax Dei is an MMORPG that has very similar features to games like Rust but developed on Unreal Engine 5. It is designed with human interaction and social play at its heart, and we are aiming to offer some new and innovative ways for our players to come together with friends - and then hopefully some enemies - along the way.” With new systems to play around with and an extended roster of ships coming to New Eden, players will no doubt be preparing their EVE Online spreadsheets for new data as the impact of this expansion begins to affect the economy and the narrative reshapes the game world once more.Mainframe CEO Thor Gunnarsson describes Pax Dei by stating, “This is a social sandbox game. Similar to earlier major EVE Online updates this year, Uprising will also make a number of balance changes across the board. A new Advantage system takes the faction war further, giving players the opportunity to contribute to their chosen faction by completing supply missions or winning in Battlefield complexes and other tasks. The faction wars system has received a number of major improvements and features to reflect this, particularly a Frontlines system that aims to drive conflict between the factions by incentivizing players to be closer together rather than avoiding combat. ![]() The Uprising expansion will be narrative-driven and focused on the increasing tensions between New Eden's four empires. Some of these revamped ships include the Caldari Phoenix Navy Issue dreadnought, the Gallente Catalyst Navy Issue destroyer, the Minmatar Cyclone Fleet Issue battlecruiser, and the Amarr Magnate Navy Issue frigate. The four empires have each added a ship in the frigate, battlecruiser, destroyer, and dreadnaught classes. While this may be disappointing for those who hoped to see some new models in the game, it does provide an opportunity for players to enjoy more attractive versions of their favorite ships. RELATED: EVE Online and Star Citizen Are Having A LEGO Build-Off For Extra Life CharityĪrriving with the Uprising expansion is a collection of 16 new ships in EVE Online, all of which are Navy or Fleet Issue variants of classic ships in the roster. As an online game, it's important that the game is improved regularly with updates and expansions to keep things fresh for players, and the new Uprising expansion arriving November 8 aims to do exactly that. The New Eden star cluster where the game takes place is home to thousands of players operating a fully player-driven economy where players handle the mining and processing of raw materials, the manufacture of components, the assembly of equipment and ships, and the distribution of goods from place to place. The Uprising expansion will introduce a variety of new features to EVE Online such as custom heraldry for player ships, major changes to factional warfare and its rewards, revamped Upwell hangar visuals, and plenty more.įor nearly 20 years, Icelandic developer CCP's EVE Online has occupied a unique space in the MMORPG market. EVE Online is gearing up to launch its next expansion, Uprising, which will focus on new narrative developments for the game world and emphasize the impact of the game's faction wars content. This cute craft is always a hit with youngsters, and it’s surprisingly simple to make. The cutout of Betty blowing a kiss should be glued to the other side, and the phrase “Sorry I Missed You” written underneath to indicate that the child is not in the room. On one side of a square piece of posterboard, the word “Enter” should be written, and the cutout of Betty holding out her arms glued over it. To make this cute bedroom door sign, the youngster should color a Betty Boop character with her arms extended and another one of her blowing a kiss. Your youngster will find a limitless number of outfits.įrom evening gowns to old-fashioned, skirted bathing suits, children can create an expansive wardrobe limited only by their imagination. Once the youngster has colored and cut out the main Betty Boop character, other pages can be used to create a wardrobe. Betty Boop Paper DollĪll youngsters love paper dolls, but Betty Boop is an especially fun character for this craft. Underneath, the youngster can write the names of the different moods responsible for the expressions for a cute and original piece of artwork. When the faces are cut out, they should be arranged collage-style on a piece of construction paper or poster board. The key is choosing different facial expressions, such as Betty laughing, throwing a kiss, scared, or angry. This interesting craft requires several Betty Boop coloring pages. The youngster can then trace and cut out a western hat and create a lasso using several pipe cleaners, and these should be added to the poster board.įrom a separate coloring page, Betty Boop’s famous dog should be colored, cut out, and placed inside the “lasso” to look as if Betty had to lasso her lost dog! 4. The finished Betty Boop coloring page should be laminated on a red piece of poster board, slightly bigger than the page. If your child is partial to a Western theme, this hilarious craft is perfect. Several coats of acrylic spray will keep it nice for a long time! 3. Western Themed Betty Boop The entire ensemble can then be attached to a craft stick by vertically taping the stick to the back of the collage. Next, let your youngster trace and cut out his or her first initial and glue or tape it to the bottom of the heart. Once Betty Boop is colored and cut out, she should be glued to the heart’s center. ![]() Betty Boop Bouquet Decorationįor this fun craft, the youngster should cut out a large red or white heart. Inside the heart, a message can be written, such as, “I Love You” or “You’re Special!” Don’t forget to embellish it with pink and red glitter! 2. When Betty Boop is colored and cut out, she should be glued to the card’s front with a red construction paper heart placed in her hand. Using red construction paper and white doilies, let the child create a homemade paper card, leaving some room inside for a message. ![]() ![]() Make a Fancy Greeting Cardīetty Boop is the perfect character for a fancy greeting card. Try these fun and affordable paper crafts with those finished coloring pages. 10 Craft Ideas To Do With Betty Boop Coloring Pagesīetty Boop is one of those loveable characters that has endured through the decades. ![]() "Program Developed for CO 2 System Calculations". Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters (3rd ed.). C T is a key parameter when making measurements related to the pH of natural aqueous systems, and carbon dioxide flux estimates.Ĭ T = + + : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) It is customary to express carbon dioxide and carbonic acid simultaneously as CO 2*. The inorganic carbon species include carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and carbonate. The processes associated with each arrow describe the transformation associated with the transfer of carbon from one reservoir to another. Inorganic carbon species Carbon is separated into four distinct pools based on whether it is organic or inorganic, and whether it is dissolved or particulate. The programs are widely used by oceanographers and limnologists to understand and predict chemical equilibria in natural waters. Their core function is to use any two of the four central inorganic carbon system parameters ( pH, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide) to calculate various chemical properties of the system. This software calculate chemical equilibria for aquatic inorganic carbon species and parameters. ![]() ![]() Since 1998, a family of software programs called CO2SYS has been widely used. įor most of the 20th century, chemical equilibria in marine and freshwater systems was calculated according to various conventions, which led to discrepancies among laboratories' calculations and limited scientific reproducibility. Given any two of the four central inorganic carbon system parameters (pH, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, partial pressure of carbon dioxide) the remainder may be derived by solving a system of equations that adhere to the principles of chemical thermodynamics. Variables like alkalinity and dissolved (or total) inorganic carbon further define a mass and charge balance that constrains the total state of the system. The relative amounts of each species in a body of water depends on physical variables including temperature and salinity, as well as chemical variables like pH and gas partial pressure. These species include dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, carbonate anion, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and others. The aquatic inorganic carbon system is composed of the various ionic, dissolved, solid, and/or gaseous forms of carbon dioxide in water. Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide ( CO 2), carbonic acid ( H 2CO 3), bicarbonate ( HCO − 3), and carbonate ( CO 2− 3). Organic carbon forms the backbone of key components of organic compounds such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Total inorganic carbon ( C T or TIC) is the sum of the inorganic carbon species.Ĭarbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. |
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